HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, and if left untreated, can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The most widespread modes of transmission are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. HIV can also be transmitted through direct blood exposure, such as a needle-stick injury or blood splashes onto mucous membranes. It is important to recognise HIV symptoms in men and women, as early detection and treatment can significantly improve health outcomes and reduce transmission risks.
Symptoms of HIV
Shortly after a person contracts HIV, symptoms may appear within 2 to 4 weeks. This early stage is known as acute HIV infection and is sometimes described as the “worst flu ever” by patients. Symptoms may include:
- Fever and chills
- Body aches and fatigue
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Sore throat and mouth ulcers
- Skin rash
- Night sweats
This phase is when the virus is rapidly multiplying in the body and the immune system is fighting back. About 70% of people will develop these flu-like symptoms, but up to 30% may remain asymptomatic.
Because these signs closely resemble other viral infections, such as influenza or even COVID-19, many may not associate them with HIV. That’s why it is important to go for regular testing if you have had any possible exposure, even if you feel fine.
Differences in symptoms between men and women
Although the virus affects both men and women, some symptoms tend to appear more frequently or more noticeably depending on gender, due to biological and hormonal differences.
In men, symptoms that may prompt an early HIV diagnosis include:
- Genital ulcers or sores
- Penile discharge
- Pain during urination
These symptoms may overlap with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), prompting men to seek early medical attention. Men who have sex with men (MSM) may also have a higher risk of exposure, especially through receptive anal intercourse, and are often encouraged to test regularly at a reputable HIV Clinic in Singapore.
In women, HIV symptoms can be more subtle and often mistaken for other gynaecological conditions. These may include:
- Recurring vaginal yeast infections
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Painful or irregular menstruation
- Lower abdominal discomfort
- Genital ulcers or sores
Because these symptoms can be caused by a wide range of other conditions, HIV may not be the first thing considered. This can lead to a delayed diagnosis if HIV testing is not done early.
Both men and women may also experience general symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or persistent diarrhoea as the virus progresses.
The chronic phase of HIV
After the acute stage, the virus enters a latent or chronic phase. During this stage, a person may look and feel healthy, but the virus remains active in the body, slowly weakening the immune system over the years. Without treatment, HIV eventually progresses to AIDS, where the body becomes vulnerable to even simple infections.
The good news is that with early detection and treatment using antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can manage the virus effectively and lead long, healthy lives.
Understanding HIV testing and the window period
Current HIV testing is accurate and widely accessible. The most common type is the 4th generation test, which detects both HIV antibodies and p24 antigen. This test is considered reliable from 28 days after exposure.
The 3rd generation test, which only detects antibodies, is most accurate from 90 days post-exposure. Testing too early during the “window period” may result in a false negative, so repeat testing might be needed depending on your risk profile and when the potential exposure happened.
Today, testing can be as simple as a finger prick, oral swab, or blood test, with results available quickly and confidentially. Many opt to test for HIV alongside other STDs like chlamydia or gonorrhoea, especially since co-infections can increase the risk of HIV transmission.
Why regular testing is important
Getting tested is the only way to know your status and protect both yourself and others. Regular testing is also an important step to protect your health. Anyone who is sexually active, especially with multiple partners or inconsistent condom use, should get tested regularly. If you are unsure about your risk or just want peace of mind, there is no harm in taking a test.
It’s also worth noting that certain conditions, like existing STDs or a compromised immune system, can make the body more susceptible to HIV. Treating these conditions early reduces your risk.
Getting tested at Elyon Family Clinic & Surgery
Elyon Family Clinic & Surgery provides confidential and professional testing and consultation services for a range of sexual health concerns. Whether you’re experiencing symptoms, have questions about your health, or simply want to take a proactive approach, our team is here to support you. Visit us or book an appointment to get started on your journey to better health.
